|
The title of Lord Proprietor was a position akin to head landlord or overseer of a territory. It was not a title of peerage or nobility, although it was occasionally hereditary. Lords Proprietor oversaw a territory on behalf of a higher sovereign; for example the Isle of Mann and Isles of Scilly are ruled by a Lord Proprietor on behalf of the British Sovereign.〔 (presently Queen Elisabeth I) Other examples where lords is used to indicate that the persons concerned are the topmost of their kind (but unlikely to be noble): (England) Lords Commissioners (in ordinary language simply Lords) of the Admiralty, Lords Commissioners of the Treasury ; Lords Commissioners of the Great Seal. Also Lords Justices (of Ireland): the Commissioners to whom, in the early 18th century, the viceregal authority was entrusted. (Scotland) Lords of the Congregation, Lords of Daily Council, Lords of Justiciary, Lords of Police, Lords of Regality, Lords of Session Lords of the Articles 〕 ==Carolina== There were eight Lords Proprietor of the Province of Carolina. By 1729, when seven of their descendants, all but the heir of Carteret, had sold their shares to the Crown, the province had been split into two provinces: North Carolina and South Carolina. * George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle (1608–1670) * Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon (1609–1674) * John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton (1602–1678) * William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697) * Sir George Carteret (c. 1610–1680) * Sir William Berkeley (1605–1677) * Sir John Colleton, 1st Baronet (1608–1666) * Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621–1683). In 1629, King Charles I of England granted Sir Robert Heath (the attorney general) the southern half of the English land in the New World between 36 degrees and 31 degrees north latitude from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean. The land was named “Province of Carolina” or land of Charles. This area included what is now known as North Carolina and South Carolina. Sir Robert’s attempts at settlement failed and in 1645, during the English Civil War, he was stripped of all of his possessions as a Royalist supporter of the King. The first permanent settlers in Carolina came from Virginia. In 1663, eight members of the English nobility received a charter from King Charles II to establish the colony of Carolina. These men were known as the Lords Proprietors of Carolina and were the ruling landlords of the colony.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556096/South-Carolina )〕 They were the Earl of Clarendon (high chancellor of England), the Duke of Albemarle (master of the King’s horse and captain of his forces), Lord William Craven, Lord John Berkeley, Lord Anthony Ashley (chancellor of the King’s exchequer), Sir George Carteret (knight and baronet and vice-chamberlain of the King’s household), William Berkeley (knight) and Sir John Colleton (knight and baronet). The Lords Proprietor were anxious to secure Carolina against Spanish attacks from San Augustine in Florida, and to do so, they needed to attract more colonists. The Lords Proprietor offered English settlers inducements consisting of religious toleration, political representation in an assembly that had power over public taxes, exemption from quitrents and large grants of land. The Lords allowed settlers of any religion, except atheists. The Lords also had a generous headright system whereby they granted one hundred and fifty acres of land to each member of a family. They postponed collection of quitrents, amounting to half a pence per acre per year, until 1689. An indentured male servant who served his term received his freedom dues from his master and a grant of one hundred acres from the Lords Proprietor. In order to attract planters with capital to invest, the Lords Proprietor also gave the owner and master the one hundred and fifty acre headright for every slave imported to the Colony. These incentives drew 6,600 colonists to the colony by 1700 compared with only 1,500 in the Spanish colony of Florida. Carolina attracted English settlers, French Protestants (Huguenots) and other colonists from Barbados and the West Indies. The first government in Carolina began in Albemarle County in 1664 when William Sayle was appointed as the governor. Proprietary authority was weaker near the Virginia border. The Lords Proprietor established a North Carolina with its own assembly and deputy governor. In 1712, the division of Carolina into North and South was completed with the elevation of the deputy governor to governor of North Carolina. The Lords Proprietor failed to protect the settlers when enemies attacked or threatened the Colony. For example, during Queen Anne's War (1702–1713), the colonists drove French and Spanish forces away from Charlestown. Again, between 1715 and 1718, the colonists defended themselves against attacks by the Yamasee Indians and pirates. During these times of conflict, the colonists received little or no help from the proprietors. The elite group of settlers in Carolina, former West Indians known as the Goose Creek Men, grew increasingly frustrated with the Lords Proprietor because they meddled in politics but failed to defend the colony against Spanish and Native American attacks. In 1719, the South Carolina assembly sent a petition to England requesting that the proprietors be replaced with Crown administration. King George I appointed royal governors for North and South Carolina, converting the colony’s status to that of a royal colony (England ruled the colony but allowed the people self-government). In 1729, the Crown bought out seven of the eight of the Lords Proprietor for £22,500, approximately the amount they had spent on the colony. The eighth proprietor, John Carteret, Lord Granville, refused to sell and retained title to the lands and quitrents in the northern third of North Carolina. When the Crown purchased the proprietors' interests in 1729, their successors proved to be: * Albemarle: in trust for Henry Somerset, 3rd Duke of Beaufort and his brother, then Lord Charles Somerset * Clarendon: James Bertie (1674–1735) * Berkeley: Joseph Blake of the province of South Carolina * Craven: William Craven, 3rd Baron Craven (1700–1739) * Carteret: John Carteret, Baron Carteret (1690–1763), governor of the kingdom of Ireland, who retained his interest * * William Berkeley: Henry Bertie (1675–1735) and Mary Danson, widow, of St Andrews Holborn, and Elizabeth Moor, widow, of London * Colleton: Sir John Colleton of Exmouth, Devon * Shaftesbury: † in trust for John Cotton of East Barnet, Middlesex † Some of these 1729 interests had been acquired not by inheritance but by purchase. * The Carteret interest continued until Independence when the Crown paid compensation for the Carteret loss. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lords Proprietor」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|